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Transcaruncular Medial Canthal Ligament Plication for Repair of Lower Eyelid Malposition
Victor M. Elner, MD, PhD;
Hakan Demirci, MD;
Asa D. Morton, MD;
Susan G. Elner, MD;
Adam S. Hassan, MD
Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125(3):374-379.
ABSTRACT
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Objective To evaluate the long-term efficacy of transcaruncular medial canthal ligament (MCL) plication in the treatment of eyelid malposition.
Methods Transcaruncular MCL plication was performed on 176 eyelids of 125 patients with symptomatic ocular exposure due to lower eyelid malposition in which MCL laxity was an important component. Preoperative and postoperative ocular exposure symptoms, lower eyelid position, lagophthalmos, and keratopathy were compared.
Results At an average ± SD follow-up time of 25 ± 27 months (range, 1-103 months), 88% of preoperative symptoms resolved or improved. Lower eyelid position (P<.001), lagophthalmos (P<.001), and keratopathy (P<.001) were significantly improved. In 11% of eyelids undergoing MCL plication as the only repair, results were comparable with those in which other repairs were performed concurrently. Complications were suture breakage in 2 cases and pyogenic granuloma in 1 case.
Conclusions Transcaruncular MCL plication is a safe and effective technique for MCL laxity that contributes to lower eyelid malposition. This minimally invasive technique achieves good functional and cosmetic outcomes by re-establishing the vectoral forces for eyelid support that are normally provided by the tripartite ligament.
INTRODUCTION
Medial canthal ligament (MCL) laxity frequently contributes to lower eyelid malpositions, which result in symptoms and signs of blurred vision, discomfort, foreign body sensation, tearing, and superficial punctate keratopathy.1-3 Causes of MCL laxity may be involutional attenuation or fatty infiltration of the ligament.4 It may also result from persistent traction due to cicatricial or paralytic lower eyelid and midfacial retraction.1
The complex anatomy of the MCL and its close association to the lacrimal drainage system makes surgical correction of the lax ligament difficult.5-8 This has spawned publication of numerous surgical methods for MCL repair.9-17 Anterior approaches do not improve, and they often exacerbate, poor eyelid-globe apposition following repair since they do not address laxity of the posterior limb of the ligament. In 2001 in an initial report, we described a transcaruncular approach for medial canthal plication for lower eyelid laxity.1 We found this method to be a safe, effective, and reproducible procedure in patients with MCL laxity. We report our long-term experience with this technique on 176 eyelids, describing its beneficial effects on symptoms and signs of clinically significant MCL laxity.
METHODS
CLINICAL EVALUATION
A retrospective review was performed on 125 medical records for patients undergoing transcaruncular MCL tightening by 1 surgeon (V.M.E.) at the Eye Plastic and Orbital Surgery Service of the University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center. Included in this study were patients with symptomatic lower eyelid malpositions resulting from MCL laxity or loss. All patients arrived for examinations and were operated on between November 1994 and August 2005. The institutional review board at the University of Michigan approved this study.
Data included patient age, sex, laterality of involvement, and concurrent or prior lower eyelid surgery. The presence and severity of ocular symptoms, including blurred vision, discomfort, foreign body sensation, and tearing, were recorded from preoperative and postoperative examinations. Inability to maintain a prosthesis was documented for anophthalmic sockets since this was the major complaint in these cases. Also recorded were preoperative and postoperative signs, including lower eyelid position, degree of MCL laxity, lagophthalmos, and superficial punctate keratopathy. The position of the lower eyelid was measured in millimeters from the inferior limbus to the lower eyelid margin with the eye in primary gaze and with the coronal plane of the patient's head perpendicular to the floor. Lower eyelid retraction, ectropion, entropion, or punctal ectropion were also documented as present or absent. Medial canthal ligament laxity was assessed by laterally distracting the lower eyelid while observing movement of the punctum as previously described.1 Lagophthalmos, measured during gentle eyelid closure, was measured in millimeters. Superficial punctate keratopathy was graded from 0 to 4+ and the percentage of corneal surface involved with keratopathy was multiplied by the grade to derive the corneal exposure index.
SURGICAL METHOD
After we obtained informed consent, we performed transcaruncular MCL plication entirely from a transconjunctival approach as described by Fante and Elner1 or a recent modification of the method (Figure 1). Anesthesia was accomplished with intravenous sedation and local infiltration with bupivacaine 0.5% mixed in equal parts with lidocaine hydrochloride 1% with epinephrine 1:100 000 or with epinephrine supplementation to 1:50 000 as previously described.18 Briefly, 2 separate small incisions were made: a 5-mm incision through the inferior palpebral conjunctiva to expose the inferior margin of the tarsus just lateral to the ampulla and a 10-mm medial conjunctival fornix incision made posterior to the junction of the caruncle and plica semilunaris. The medial orbital wall periorbita posterior to the posterior lacrimal crest was then exposed by blunt dissection performed via the medial fornix incision through the fascial extensions from the medial rectus muscle sheath (check ligament). This anterior orbitotomy approach provides safe passage by preserving the integrity of the medial rectus muscle, the lacrimal canaliculi and sac, and the deep heads of the orbicularis muscle (Horner muscle) constituting the lacrimal pump.
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Figure 1. Transcaruncular medial canthal ligament plication. A, Step 1: conjunctival incision at inferior tarsal margin. B, Step 2: vertical conjunctival orbitotomy incision posterior to caruncle through which blunt dissection exposes medial orbital wall periosteum. C, Step 3: engagement periosteum posterior to posterior lacrimal crest with 4-0 polypropylene suture. D, Step 4: suture passed subconjunctivally from medial orbitotomy incision to conjunctival incision along inferior tarsal margin and then through full-thickness coronal height of tarsus. E, Step 5: retrograde passage of suture to orbitotomy incision posterior to caruncle. F, Step 6: suture tied to achieve appropriate tension with knot then rotated to medial orbital wall.
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Medial canthal ligament plication using 4-0 clear polypropylene suture on a semicircular P-2 needle (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ) was performed by initiating the passage of the suture either through the eyelid or medial fornix incision. In earlier cases, the suture was initially passed coronally to engage the full height of the medial inferior tarsus just lateral to the ampulla and tunneled deep to the conjunctiva, but superior to the origin of the inferior oblique muscle to reach the medial forniceal incision. Under direct visualization, the needle was then passed to engage the periosteum at or just superior to the posterior lacrimal crest while the globe was gently retracted laterally with a malleable retractor. The suture was then passed retrograde subconjunctivally from the medial forniceal incision to reach the original subtarsal eyelid incision. The suture was tied while observing the tension of the lower eyelid. The tension was ascertained after securing the initial double throw of a surgeons' knot by distracting the eyelid laterally while examining for punctal position with respect to the superior punctum, the kinking of the canaliculus, and the 3-dimensional contour of the medial lower eyelid as compared with the contralateral side. Once these parameters were achieved, the knot was tied permanently and rotated toward the medial orbital wall. The conjunctival incisions were not sutured. In later cases (Figure 1), suture passage was initiated by first engaging periosteum via the fornix incision followed by passage to the subtarsal eyelid incision, engagement of the tarsus, and retrograde passage to the medial fornix incision. This positions the knot near the orbital wall without the need for suture rotation.
All groups of data are expressed as averages plus or minus standard deviations. Statistical significance of differences between preoperative and postoperative groups of measurements was determined using a 2-tailed t test. Differences between groups were considered to be statistically significant at P<.05.
RESULTS
The transcaruncular MCL plication was performed on 176 eyelids of 125 patients with an average ± SD follow-up time of 25 ± 27 months (range, 1-103 months). The average ± SD patient age was 66 ± 17 years (range, 10-97 years); there were 70 men and 55 women. Six patients (5%) had a previous history of lateral canthal ligament repair, 2 of whom had had concurrent lower eyelid retractor reinsertion (2%). Two patients (2%) had undergone previous lateral tarsorrhaphy.
The most common preoperative symptoms were epiphora, discomfort, and lower eyelid malposition (Table 1). Postoperatively, 81% of patients' initial symptoms resolved (Table 1) while an additional 7% improved. Medial canthal ligament laxity, present in all eye lids preoperatively, was successfully treated by plication in more than 90% of eyelids (Table 2). Preoperative lower eyelid retraction was present in 128 eyelids (73%) (Table 2). Retraction improved in 120 eyelids (94%) with complete resolution in 98 eyelids (77%) (Figure 2 and Figure 3). Preoperatively, the lower eyelid margin averaged 1.3 ± 1.0 mm inferior to the corneoscleral limbus in retracted eyelids (Figure 4). This measure was significantly improved to 0.3 ± 0.8 mm superior to the limbus postoperatively (P<.001). Other lower eyelid malpositions included punctal ectropion, ectropion, and entropion, which were present in 9%, 18%, and 9% of patients, respectively (Table 2). These eyelid malpositions responded variably to the procedure. Ectropion resolved in 87% of cases in which it was present, and entropion resolved in 56% of cases (Figure 5). As reported previously, punctal ectropion was not effectively addressed in most cases, resolving in only 38% of cases when present.
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Table 1. Symptoms Due to Lower Eyelid Malposition at First and Last Visits
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Table 2. Clinical Features of Lower Eyelid Malposition at First and Last Visits
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Figure 2. Bilateral transcaruncular medial canthal ligament plication for lower eyelid retraction in a 70-year-old woman before (A) and after (B) plication.
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Figure 3. Transcaruncular medial canthal ligament plication for bilateral lower eyelid retraction also treated with hard palate grafting and lateral canthal ligament repair in a 70-year-old man. Eyelid positions before (A) and after (B) plication.
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Figure 4. Lower eyelid height of eyes treated with transcaruncular medial canthal ligament plication. Measurement of eyelid margin inferior (–) or superior (+) to corneoscleral limbus (P<.001). Bars indicate standard deviation.
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Figure 5. Severe left and mild right ectropion treated with medial canthal ligament plication and lateral canthal repair in an 81-year-old woman. Appearance before (A) and after (B) surgical correction.
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Preoperative lagophthalmos was present in 56 eyes (32%) (Table 2). Of these eyes, 42 improved (75%), including 22 eyes (40%) that showed complete resolution (Figure 6). Lagophthalmos was significantly improved from an average of 2.3 ± 1.9 mm preoperatively to 1.1 ± 1.6 mm postoperatively (P<.001) (Figure 7).
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Figure 6. Severe paralytic right lower eyelid ectropion and lagophthalmos treated with medial canthal ligament plication and lateral tarsorrhaphy in a 66-year-old man. Appearance before (A) and after (C) surgical correction. Preoperative lagophthalmos (B) was substantially improved following surgical correction (D).
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Figure 7. Lagophthalmos treated with transcaruncular medial canthal ligament plication (P<.001). Bars indicate standard deviation.
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Preoperative superficial punctate keratopathy was present in 155 eyes (88%)(Table 2). Superficial punctate keratopathy improved in 112 eyes (72%) of which 53 eyes (30%) showed complete resolution. The initial corneal exposure index averaged 0.3 ± 0.4 mm (Figure 8). The postoperative reduction in corneal exposure index to 0.1 ± 0.1 mm was statistically significant (P<.001).
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Figure 8. Corneal exposure of eyes treated with transcaruncular medial canthal ligament plication. The corneal exposure index was calculated as the percentage of corneal surface with keratopathy multiplied by the severity of the superficial punctate keratopathy (0 to 4+) (P<.001).
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In this large series, most patients had other eyelid abnormalities in addition to MCL laxity that required repair. Lateral canthal ligament repair was the most common additional procedure (70%) followed by midfacial lift (30%), repositioning of lower eyelid retractors (29%), hard palate grafting (18%), and lateral tarsorrhaphy (14%). Seven patients (4%) requiring plication of the MCL whose integrity was compromised by malignant tumor resection also underwent additional reconstructions with flaps or grafts.
Nineteen eyelids of 14 patients had transcaruncular MCL plication as their only surgical repair. Resolution or improvement of symptoms occurred in 16 eyes (84%). Medial canthal ligament laxity was eliminated in 17 eyelids (89%). Superficial punctate keratopathy, present in 15 eyes (79%) preoperatively, was only seen in 9 (47%) postoperatively while the preoperative average corneal exposure index of 0.27 ± 0.04 was improved to 0.03 ± 0.03. Lower eyelid retraction, observed in 11 eyelids (58%) preoperatively, improved in all (100%) and completely resolved in 7 (64%). Lower eyelid retraction improved from an average ± SD of 1.55 ± 1.09 mm inferior to the corneoscleral limbus to 1.06 ± 1.4 mm superior to the limbus. Preoperative lagophthalmos, seen in 6 eyes (32%), improved in all eyes (100%) and completely resolved in 5 (83%). Improvement in all of these parameters was similar to the overall patient population when compared statistically.
No complications occurred during any of the operations. Postoperative complications were suture breakage in 2 cases and a pyogenic granuloma in 1 case. Early postoperative kinking of the lower eyelid margin, sometimes occurring just lateral to the punctum at the site of tarsal suture anchoring, resolved in the early postoperative period. Postoperative swelling, limited to the caruncle and semilunar fold region, resolved in all cases within 3 weeks. No patient developed wound infection or complained of postoperative ocular surface irritation.
COMMENT
The MCL comprises 3 limbs that serve to anchor the medial end of the tarsus to the bone of the maxilla anteriorly, the periosteum overlying the lacrimal bone posteriorly, and the dense connective tissue overlying the fundus of the lacrimal sac superiorly.5-8 Together these MCL structures provide for posterior, medial, and superior vectoral support for the lower eyelid. Such support is essential to maintain lower eyelid height and contour, proper apposition of the lower eyelid to the globe, and support for lacrimal pump function. Medial canthal ligament laxity has the potential to compromise each of these functions, particularly when the laxity is not compensated by good orbicularis oculi muscle tone. The patients in this study all exhibited symptoms and signs of MCL functional compromise due to laxity or loss. The most common symptoms were epiphora, discomfort, and visible malposition of the lower eyelid (Table 1) while the predominant signs were lower eyelid retraction, lagophthalmos, and exposure keratopathy (Figures 4, 7, and 8).
To address the functional need to restore posterior and superior support of eyelids with symptomatic medial canthal ligament laxity, we developed and applied a transcaruncular approach for MCL plication.1 This technique demonstrated promise in our initial study1 by resolving symptoms in 23 eyelids of 15 patients during a mean follow-up period of 12 months. In this study, we report the results using this method on 176 eyelids of 125 patients followed up for an average of 2 years. Our present results confirm our initial findings and show significant improvement in virtually all symptoms and signs while demonstrating that the benefits remain stable over time. Transcaruncular MCL plication was equally effective whether performed alone or in conjunction with other procedures to repair symptomatic lower eyelid malposition.
Medial canthal ligament plication, as initially described, addressed the anterior limb.12, 19 Ritleng14 and Sullivan and Collin9 first reported methods to provide posterior support as a component of MCL plication to address shortcomings of anterior plication, principally poor eyelid-globe apposition resulting in epiphora and ocular exposure. Both of these techniques involve full-thickness eyelid and canalicular resection to access and shorten the posterior limb, requiring complex repair of the eyelid and lacrimal drainage system. Jordan et al10 published a similar method using a medial tarsal strip, which resects a portion of the medial eyelid, sacrificing the punctum and canaliculus. Edelstein and Dryden11 described a complex transcutaneous approach to expose the medial orbital periosteum from which a flap is woven through the canalicular region to reach the tarsus. Subsequent to our initial report,1 Moe and Kao17 reported an interesting anatomical approach consisting of a precaruncular technique in the region occupied by the common canaliculus that requires a long incision parallel and adjacent to the canaliculus and an anchoring suture placed to the medial edge of the tarsus where the ampulla is located.
Our method of MCL plication provides support that simulates the normal vectoral forces exerted by the tripartite ligament. It achieves this through passage parallel to the posterior limb while allowing the surgeon to direct the plication superiorly by modifying the location of the periosteal anchoring. This method of MCL plication provides posterior, medial, and superior eyelid support. The transcaruncular technique is rapid and requires no skin incisions or tissue resection. Damage to the lacrimal drainage system is avoided. There are no wounds that require closure. The procedure requires minimal manipulation of medial canthal structures and may be performed using local anesthesia. Our recent modification of the suture passage has eliminated the need for suture rotation, making the procedure easier to perform and less traumatic. Limited dissection and short operative time reduce postoperative morbidity and complications. The method has proven to be safe with few complications or adverse effects. The MCL procedure has resulted in excellent cosmesis and patient acceptance.
This procedure does not supplant transnasal wiring,15, 20 microplate,21 and anchor22-23 techniques used for MCL avulsions and craniofacial reconstructions and is not consistently effective in treating patients with significant punctal ectropion (Table 2). This inconsistency is caused by the plicating suture's engagement of the inferior tarsal margin. This results in a vectoral force that itself is unable to rotate the punctum inward. In cases in which the technique is successful in resolving punctal ectropion, plication-dependent improved pretarsal orbicularis oculi muscle position and tone is probably responsible. To directly address punctal ectropion, we described a modification of this technique in which an anterior limb of the plicating suture is added to brace the anterior surface of the tarsus and canaliculus.24
The transcaruncular technique for MCL plication targets the functional and cosmetic needs of patients with medial ligament laxity, regardless of severity. Alone, or in conjunction with adjunctive procedures, this technique has demonstrated efficacy and high patient satisfaction.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Correspondence: Victor M. Elner, MD, PhD, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 (velner{at}umich.edu).
Submitted for Publication: March 15, 2006; final revision received June 9, 2006; accepted June 17, 2006.
Financial Disclosure: None reported.
Author Affiliations: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
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