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Bilateral Orbital Infarction Syndrome After Bifrontal Craniotomy
Philip Maier, MD;
Nicolas Feltgen, MD;
Wolf A. Lagrèze, MD
Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125(3):422-423.
Orbital infarction syndrome is a rare disorder resulting from occlusion of the ophthalmic artery and its branches. We report a case of bilateral orbital infarction syndrome after frontobasal skull repair.
Report of a Case
A 24-year-old man experienced multiple cranial fractures leading to brain contusion and free intracranial air after a motor vehicle crash. Because of persisting rhinoliquorrhea 3 months later, the endocranium was sealed. Preoperative visual acuity was 20/20 OU. After bicoronal skin incisions, a dermal and a galea-periostal flap were dissected to the supraorbital rim without wrapping them in gauze. Both flaps were retracted inferiorly while resting on the patient's eyes. During the procedure, the patient's heartbeat stopped for a few seconds; it was corrected with 0.5 mg of atropine. One hour after extubation, the patient complained about reduced vision. Immediate ophthalmologic examination revealed recognition of hand movements, normal intraocular pressures, conjunctival chemosis, and complete bilateral ophthalmoplegia (Figure 1). Pupils were insensitive to light. Ophthalmoscopy showed occlusion of both central retinal arteries, causing retinal edema and a cherry red spot (Figure 2A). An intravenous application of acetazolamide and heparin sodium was started immediately, followed by isovolemic hemodilution. Magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography showed normal intracranial arteries and edematous ocular muscles. Two days later, fluorescein angiography revealed normal retinal and choroidal perfusion (Figure 2B and C). After 4 months, eye movements had normalized and both eyes showed optic atrophy and pigmentary retinopathy (Figure 2D). Visual acuity remained unchanged.
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Figure 1. Three days after surgery, the patient had complete bilateral ophthalmoplegia and conjunctival chemosis.
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Figure 2. Fundus photography 3 days after surgery demonstrates retinal edema and a cherry red spot (A). Fluorescein angiography reveals diffuse choroidal leakage in the early phase (B) and retinal edema at the posterior pole in the late phase (C). Fundus photography 3 months after surgery shows pigmentary chorioretinopathy and atrophy of the optic nerve (D). The figures at the top represent the findings of the right eye and those at the bottom, findings of the left eye.
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Comment
Orbital infarction syndrome is characterized by ischemia of the whole orbit due to occlusion of the ophthalmic artery and its branches. It is very rare because of the anastomosis between the ophthalmic and the external carotid arteries, and does not result from occlusion of the ophthalmic artery alone. Since the central retinal artery and the short posterior ciliary arteries are the only terminal branches of the ophthalmic artery, only direct hypoperfusion of all branches leads to orbital ischemia. Orbital infarction may result from dissection or occlusion of the common or internal carotid artery,1 giant-cell arteritis,1 mucormycosis,1 and cocaine use.2 It may also result from a surgical complication after spinal surgery3 or clipping of cerebral aneurysms.4 Until now, to our knowledge, only unilateral orbital infarctions have been described. In all reported cases, orbital ischemia was induced by extensive pressure onto orbital tissue, either resulting from improper positioning of the patient or direct orbital compression.
In our patient, a myocutaneous flap was retracted onto the orbit, thereby increasing intraorbital pressure, which would also explain intraoperative asystole induced by the oculocardial reflex. An operation lasting 5 hours was too long for recovering ischemic retinal tissue. Ophthalmoplegia may have been caused by intramuscular edema and hemorrhage and could, therefore, resolve completely. Besides high intraorbital pressure, low arterial blood pressure and shallow orbits may be additional risk factors. To prevent this disastrous complication, increased intraorbital pressure should be avoided by careful positioning of the patient and precautious preparation of the myocutaneous flap with respect to the patient's physiognomy. In cases with increased risk, special eye shields may be used to avoid orbital infarction.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Correspondence: Dr Maier, University Eye Hospital Freiburg, Killianstr 5, 79106 Freiburg, Germany (philip.maier{at}uniklinik-freiburg.de).
Financial Disclosure: None reported.
REFERENCES
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1. Borruat FX, Bogousslavsky J, Uffer S, Klainguti G, Schatz NJ. Orbital infarction syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1993;100:562-568.
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2. Van Stavern GP, Gorman M. Orbital infarction after cocaine use. Neurology. 2002;59:642-643.
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3. Stevens WR, Glazer PA, Kelley SD, Lietman TM, Bradford DS. Ophthalmic complications after spinal surgery. Spine. 1997;22:1319-1324.
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4. Zimmerman CF, Van Patten PD, Golnik KC, Kopitnik TA Jr, Anand R. Orbital infarction syndrome after surgery for intracranial aneurysms. Ophthalmology. 1995;102:594-598.
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SECTION EDITOR: W. RICHARD GREEN, MD
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